Eliminating Discrimination in the Workplace is the Responsibility of Research Paper

Eliminating Discrimination in the Workplace is the Responsibility of Management - Research Paper Example With the growth of industries and diversification, organizations have grown global in their operations. This has resulted in a cultural diversity in the workplace (Bolen and Kleiner, 1996). People from diverse backgrounds are working together under the same roof. Though this diversity makes the organization culturally rich, it also increases workplace discrimination. In the context of discrimination, it should be noted that different rewards and treatment in terms of different productivity levels cannot be termed as discrimination. Some occupations and some workers show more productivity than others, because of their enhanced skills, abilities and qualifications. This results in diverse returns at work, which is efficient and fair. The main aim of this study is to find out the various factors leading to discrimination and harassment at the workplace. The study will throw lights on the various types of discrimination, and the responsibility of the management to monitor and reduce the occurrences of discrimination in the workplace. The study will also suggest ways which can help in increasing the efficiency of the monitoring process and thus reducing discrimination. Role of Management in Eliminating Discrimination Different treatment to satisfy the special needs of particular employees is not discriminatory. For example, making sure that a disabled worker gets proper access to work, or making sure that a pregnant worker is not exposed to health hazards at the workplace, is not discriminatory. Treatments based on individual skills are also not discriminatory (Bell et al, 2010). Discrimination can broadly be classified into six main types. Discrimination can be based on disability, sex, race, sexual orientation, age (Phomphakdy and Kleiner, 1999). Hemphill and Haines (1997) also described six main types of discrimination; Disability discrimination- Discrimination on the basis of disability is prohibiting and differentiate ing qualified individuals with disabilities in procedures such as job applications, hiring, recruitment, compensation, job training and in other conditions, terms and privileges of employment (Phomphakdy and Kleiner, 1999).  

Introduction to Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Early Childhood Education Essay This essay will discuss the importance of partnership with parents/whanau, providing responsive relationships and interactions with children and biculturalism on society. Research shows that children who attend an early childhood centre providing care of high quality succeeded more at school, stayed at school longer and kept achieving more in their early adult years. They grew up with a sense of belonging within their community and society and had the skills needed to take control of their own lives (Beaver, Brewster, Jones, Keene, Neaum, Tallach, 2001). 1. Early childhood centres play an important role in helping families function effectively. They combine their role of supporting families while encouraging children’s development in partnership with parents. Each child, each family is unique. In an early childhood centre each one of the children is unique as well as their family. Research shows us that those parents, through parental involvement early on in a child’s education that they are more likely to maintain this through all their educational years (Beaver et al. , 2001). Effective communication is one of the most important principles when forming partnerships with parents. Parents are the most knowledgeable when it comes to their child and if they feel they can share this with staff of the early childhood centre the child will benefit from this (Beaver et al. , 2001). Throughout our lives we know it is hard to part from people we love and some parents find it hard to leave their child in a centre. We therefore need to be sensitive to this issue and work in partnership with parents and help them to build on what they want for their child. Arthur, Beecher, Death, Dockett Farmer (2001) state that â€Å"Early childhood educators should recognise that every setting is a source of learning for young children, with the home acknowledged as a particularly powerful influence† (p. 11). 2. Children need to experience reciprocal and responsive relationships to develop and learn. Infants are very dependent and require emotional security to develop an attachment with another person other than their parent(s). A quality learning environment is one where teachers respect each child individually, and are positive, warm, supporting and encourage good self confidence, and initiate meaningful interactions with children. It is essential to create an environment where each child feels appreciated and valued. It is through forming these important adult: child relationships that they will feel a sense of their own identity and develop positive self worth. Nurturing relationships are developed when positive interactions occur. The constant talk with infants, encouraging eye contact and being held in a calm and caring way, active listening, positive language and noticing signs/gestures are some ways that infants develop trust and form a bond with us. The Education (Early Childhood Centres) Regulations 1998 state – â€Å"Every child is given positive guidance, using praise and encouragement, and avoiding blame, harsh language, and belittling or degrading responses† (Ministry of Education [MoE] , 1998, p. 22). Early childhood teachers need to ensure care giving routines are unhurried, meaningful and a peaceful experience. Take the time to sing songs, read books, follow their interests and extend them, be interested in what they are doing, keep conversations open, enrich their language, allow them to explore and discover, play with them and alongside them and allow yourself to be another person in their lives that interact and are responsive to them. If an infant is crying and they are responded to in a calm and gentle way, treated in the reliable and respected manner they are entitled to they will build a positive image of themselves. Centre policies should reflect this. 3. It is important for all New Zealanders and people living in New Zealand to be aware of, and sensitive to the bicultural nature of New Zealand society which consists of pakehas and the indigenous people – the Maori – who were here some hundred years before the arrival of Europeans. We need to respect and understand the Treaty of Waitangi which is the formal agreement between the Maori and the British Government which gave the latter the right to establish settlement and a system of British Government subject to certain rights being assured to the Maori. A bicultural perspective promotes the value of both cultures. We as a society need to understand and respect Maori views on child development and the role of the family. In Quality in Action Te Mahi Whai Hua, Implementing the Revised Statement of Desirable Objectives and Practices in New Zealand Early Childhood Services it says teachers need â€Å"to understand how whanau values affect behaviour and influence the ability of children and adults to engage in meaningful purposeful relationships† (Ministry of Education [MoE], 1998, p. 18). We must enable Maori children and their families to be active in their community which will allow their children to learn and grow and develop a strong sense of self-worth. Te reo Maori is a living and relevant language and very significant to Maori. We need to assure Maori families that their culture, beliefs and practices are fully valued, appreciated and supported. We can learn a lot from these and implement them into the curriculum. Early childhood services play an integral part in society. They are an extension of home for children and their parents/whanau therefore we need to consider the cultural heritage of Maori and provide learning experiences for the children that reflect their culture. It is a requirement of the Education (Early Childhood Centres) Regulations 1998 that state â€Å"Encourage children to become and remain confident in their own culture and to develop an understanding of and respect for other cultures of Aotearoa/New Zealand† (MoE, p. 21).

General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Essay -- Mental Disorder Essays

Mental disorder, two simple words that can stir up a storm of emotions. Habitually mistaken by general society as â€Å"deranged† or â€Å"unstable†, the words mental disorder, often, tend to have a negative cognition associated with them. This should not be the case. The misunderstanding that mental disorder is automatically equivalent of that to being psychotic and erratic leaves many individuals feeling isolated, and distressed to share their helplessness due to fear of social stigma. Further public education is required to eradicate this unfortunate social stigma. So what categorically is a mental disorder? Although it can range from minor to severe impairment, and include a vast variety of conditions, mental disorders can generally be defined as: a mental or behavioral pattern that causes distress or disability and which is not developmentally or socially normative (Raskin,2012). Standardly, to diagnose a mental disorder the International Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders (ICD), published by the World Health Organization, or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, are used (Bolton,2008). This essay will focus on General Anxiety Disorder (GAD). First the essay will discuss what GAD is and how it is diagnosed. The essay will then explore the differences of GAD between the general male and female populations, subsequently, look into brain activity and hormones, as well as lightly touch on other causes of GAD. Finally, an explanation of the gender differences of GAD will be discussed form a biopsychological standpoint. The DSM-IV-TR defines General Anxiety Disorder, also known as chronic anxiety neurosis, in shorter terms, as â€Å"chronic... ...-anxiety food solution: how the foods you eat can help you calm your anxious mind, improve your mood, & end cravings. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Spiteri, T., Musatov, S., Ogawa, S., Ribeiro, A., Pfaff, D. W., & ÃÆ'†¦gmo, A. (2010). The Role Of The Estrogen Receptor ÃŽÂ ± In The Medial Amygdala And Ventromedial Nucleus Of The Hypothalamus In Social Recognition, Anxiety And Aggression. Behavioural Brain Research, 210(2), 211-220. Tromp, D. P., Grupe, D. W., Oathes, D. J., McFarlin, D. R., Hernandez, P. J., Kral, T. R., et al. (2012). Reduced Structural Connectivity of a Major Frontolimbic Pathway in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. NeuroImage, 69(9), 1. Vesga-LÃÆ' ³pez, O., Schneier, F. R., Wang, S., Heimberg, R. G., Liu, S., Hasin, D. S., et al. (2008). Gender Differences In Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(10), 1606-1616.

Smoking In Pregnancy And Childbirth Health And Social Care Essay

Harmonizing to Fink ( 1998, pp.3 ) the literature reappraisal procedure can be termed as â€Å" a systematic method for placing, measuring and construing the work produced by research workers, bookmans and practicians † . Government Policy on smoke in gestation and after childbearing: There are three of import policies made by the British authorities in related to smoking in gestation foremost is kids ‘s wellness and good being, than malignant neoplastic disease bar and the decrease of wellness inequalities. To back up this policies there are assorted different policy paperss like Every Child Matter ( HM Government, 2004 ) , Maternity Matters: Choice, entree and continuity of attention in a safe service ( DH, 2007a ) , the Cancer Reform Strategy ( DH, 2007b ) , Health Inequalities: advancement and following stairss ( DH, 2008 ) , Smoking Kills ( DH, 1998 ) and the Implementation Plan for cut downing wellness inequalities in infant mortality: a good pattern usher ( DH, 2007c ) . In add-on to damaging the wellness of the female parent, antenatal smoke is associated systematically with a figure of complications during gestation ( Castles et al, 1999 ) and several possible conditions impacting the baby ( Cnattingius, 2004 ) . Smoking rate among pregnant adult females in the UK was 23 % in the twelvemonth of 1995, it declined to 19 % in 2000 and farther declined to 17 % in 2005 ( Baxter et al, 2005 ) . But RCM has noted an addition in gestation smoke rates since 2005 ( Baxter et al, 2009 ) . It is estimated that around 17 % and 23 % of pregnant adult females are estimated to smoke throughout gestation in the United Kingdome ( Owen et al, 1998 ) . It is of import that cost effectual intercessions are developed and disseminated so that smoking-related wellness complications can be avoided. While face to confront smoking surcease behavioral support is by and large available for pregnant tobacco users, attending rates are really low ( Taylor et al, 2001 ) . In instance when the pregnant adult females are non able to go to face to confront smoking surcease behavioral support the option is self aid intercessions ( Ussher et al, 2005 ) . Self aid intercessions are peculiarly of import due to their low cost and they can make wider group of population. Giving pregnant adult females brochures incorporating information of jeopardies of smoke is one of the common signifier, but they can besides include picture, telephone and computing machine based systems. A recent Cochrane reappraisal concluded that, compared with having no stuffs, self help stuffs on their ain addition surcease rates merely marginally among non pregnant tobacco users ( Lancaster and Stead, 2005 ) . Tailored ego aid stuffs were found to be increasing the quitting rates compared to standard stuffs used for intercession ( Lumley et al, 2004 ) . Tailoring is the usage of participant features to individualize intercession stuffs and is believed to be effectual because it increases the relevancy of the information to the person and heed to the message ( Dijkstra and De Vries, 1999 ) . Self aid stuffs are common constituents in behaviour intercessions for pregnant tobacco users and are considered to be of import to cessation reding aid to pregnant adult females tobacco users to discontinue smoke ( Ussher et al, 2004 ) . However it is ill-defined whether ego aid intercessions on their ain can increase discontinuing among pregnant tobacco users. Several reappraisals have confirmed that intercessions promotion smoking surcease during gestation can cut down smoking rates significantly ( Kelley et al, 2001 ; Lumley et Al, 2004 ; Mullen et Al, 1999 ) . Lumbley et Al ‘s ( 2005 ) reappraisal largest in this country to day of the month included tests supplying a assortment of surcease intercessions, including self aid stuffs, reding techniques, fiscal inducements and nicotine replacing therapy. Lumbley et Al ‘s ( 2004 ) indicated that hazard of smoking in late gestation was lower among intercession groups than usual attention groups. They besides found that intercessions of greater denseness determined by personal contact, added small benefit. Kelley et Al ( 2001 ) reported that the degree of reding provided within an intercession was non associated with efficaciousness. Sing the possible benefits of ego aid intercessions it is of import to find whether they can be effectual on their ain in mark group.Inclusion/Exclusion:As an ethical bookman my inclusion and exclusion standards explains my attack towards choosing a proper literature for my attack. As a pupil of Northumbria University my first attack was to travel through the diaries available on NORA. There was plenty data available on NORA for research articles related to my subject. I besides tried to get quality resources from other hunt engines every bit good. I searched through Cochrane library to acquire good reappraisal articles on my research subject.Search Engine:I used Nora, Wiley Inter scientific discipline, The Cochrane library, British diary of Psychology, Official site of Elsevier publication which enabled me to entree articles through scientific discipline direct, PubMed, CINAHL etc. I used my university login wherever required for the entree of articles. This hunt engines are choice assured and supply entree to high quality of international resources.Search footings:Four chief databases were searched through MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Science Direct. Sear was done utilizing combination of keywords like ‘smok* ‘ , ‘tobacco ‘ , ‘pregn* ‘ , ‘cessation ‘ , ‘self help intercessions ‘ , ‘quit* ‘ and other proper equivalent word. A computerized electronic hunt was performed to place relevant articles. The hunt was conducted on Medline [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] , Embase [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] , CINAHL [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] , ScienceDirect [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] and PubMed [ Jan 1997 to November 2010 ] . PICO method was used to seek cardinal words to govern out the articles in each database. PICO is a method of hunt scheme that allows taking a more grounds based attack to literature seeking in database like CINAHL, ScienceDirect, etc ( Schardt et al. , 2007 ) . Electronic seeking yielded 1010 relevant articles of which 725 were extras and after testing of the commendation or mention 285 articles were published one. Based on the survey criteria 11 articles were related to self aid intercessions. 3 articles were eliminated due to type of qualitative or prospective survey. 4 articles were good, they were run intoing my inclusion exclusion standards but I was non able to entree them as they were paid articles. Finally, 8 to the full published articles were included in this assessment.Surveies included in Quantitative Synthesis ( narrative analysis )( n= 8 )Records excluded( n= 274 )Full articles excluded with grounds ( n= 3 )One article was related to cohort surveyOne article was related to assorted methodsOne article was related to pilot surveyFull articles accessed after eligibility( n= 11 )Records screened( n= 285 )Records after extras were removed( n= 725 )Records identified through database searchingMedline ( n= 127 )Embase ( n= 85 )PubMed ( n= 137 )CINAHL ( n= 225 )ScienceDirect ( n= 436 )Entire ( n= 1010 )Figure: Flow Chart of Systematic Appraisal Inclusion and ExclusionPICO Method:Population: Pregnant adult females smoking during gestation Intervention: Tests were considered if at least one of the experimental weaponries met the ego aid definition. The definition used based on Lancaster & A ; Stead ‘s ( 2005 ) defines self aid as the proviso of structured stuffs that assist the person in doing quit effort and prolonging abstention without important aid from a wellness professional or group support. Comparison: Comparison was done between different intercessions. Usual attention given to pregnant tobacco users during their ante natal attention was compared with ego aid intercessions. Besides usual attention was compared with picture based and brochures intercession. Result: Smoke results were accessed either in 2nd or during the 3rd trimester. The tests besides determined the smoke position either during late gestation or postpartum ( Moore et Al, 2002 ) .Features of Included surveies [ Ordered by Study Id ] :Aveyard et Al ( 2006 )State Focus of Study United kingdom To analyze whether, as predicted by the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour alteration ( TTM ) phase matched intercessions are more effectual than stage- mismatched intercessions in smoking surcease intercessions with pregnant adult females. Study Design RCT – matter-of-fact three armed test. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology Participants were 918 pregnant tobacco users drawn from 16 of 19 obstetrics antenatal services in the West Midlands. Arm 1: n= 289 Arm two: n=305 Arm three: n=324 Intervention Arm 1: Standard obstetrics advice to halt smoke and a self-help cusp appropriate for adult females in the readying phase. Midwifes received no extra preparation except in survey protocol. Arm Two: TTM based arm. Womans were been seen by accoucheuses with 2.5 yearss specialist preparation, 2 of these yearss on TTM. Women received a TTM based self-help brochure and received four Sessionss of behavioral reding from the accoucheuses ( three during gestation and one 10 yearss post partum ) Arm Three: TTM based arm. Womans were been seen by accoucheuses with 2.5 yearss developing as in arm 1. Intervention was the same as arm two, with the add-on of a computing machine based surcease intercession used on the four juncture ‘s of the accoucheuses visit. Result Measures Pregnant adult females in weaponries two and three ( TTM- based ) were significantly more likely to travel frontward in phase of alteration than adult females in the control arm. Consequences Overall, the TTM-based intercession produced some motion in adult females ‘s preparedness to discontinue but it was hard to construe this determination as the TTM intercessions were besides more intensive. The writers concluded that TTM had small cogency in explicating smoking surcease behavior during gestation.Cinciripini et Al ( 2000 )State Focus of Study United states An rating of videotaped sketchs for smoking surcease and backsliding bar during gestation. Study Design Randomised Controlled Tests. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology A sum of 146 adult females were screened for the survey. Sixty four adult females failed to run into the inclusion standards for the test ( & gt ; 18 old ages of age, smoke & gt ; 3 coffin nails per twenty-four hours, less than 30 hebdomads pregnant, have a on the job VCR, be willing to put a quit day of the month within two hebdomads of showing, and non involved in any other formal smoke surcease plan ) . 82 adult females participants were indiscriminately assigned. Intervention Usual attention ( UC ) ( N= 40 ) and UC plus picture ( UCV ) ( N= 42 ) groups. All participants continued to have the usual prenatal attention provided by their primary doctor, plus survey stuffs as described below. All intercession stuffs were provided through the mail, after participants had undergone a telephone testing for inclusion. All follow ups were besides conducted by telephone. Result Measures Abstinence was observed between the two groups. Abstinence studies were measured by salivary cotinine values. Consequences Seven twenty-four hours point prevalence abstention informations did non demo any significance consequences. At the terminal of quit day of the month the abstention rate was 10 % in control group and 3 % in experimental group. At the terminal of intervention the abstention rate was 12 % in control group and 7.5 % in experimental group. Decision The present sample size may be unequal to pull any i ¬?rm decisions sing the differential effectivity of the picture intercession.Ershoff et Al ( 1999 )State Focus of Study United states The effectivity of low-priced smoke intercessions targeted to pregnant adult females has been demonstrated, although few additions in absolute surcease rates have been reported in the past decennary. Under conditions of typical clinical pattern, this survey examined whether results achieved with brief reding from antenatal attention suppliers and a self-help brochure could be improved by adding more resource-intensive cognitive-behavioural plans. Study Design Randomised Controlled Trial Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology Womans 18 old ages of age or older who self-reported to be active tobacco users at their initial antenatal assignment. 131 adult females were randomised. Control group: 111 participants. Experimental Group: 120 participants. Intervention Participants were randomized to one of three groups: ( 1 ) a self-help brochure tailored smoke forms, phase of alteration, and life style of pregnant tobacco users ; ( 2 ) the brochure plus entree to a computerized telephone surcease plan based on synergistic voice response engineering ; or ( 3 ) the brochure plus proactive telephone reding from nurse pedagogues utilizing motivational interviewing techniques and schemes. Result Measures Biochemically coni ¬?rmed abstention measured by degree of cotinine in urine samples obtained during a everyday antenatal visit at about the 34th hebdomad of gestation. Consequences Twenty per centum of participants were coni ¬?rmed as abstainer with no signii ¬?cant differences found between intercession groups. Cessation rates in heavy tobacco users were less in all intercession groups. Decision Neither a computerized telephone surcease plan nor systematic proviso of motivational guidance improved surcease rates over a trim self-help brochure delivered within the context of brief advice from antenatal suppliers.Gielen et Al ( 1997 )State Focus of Study United states Evaluation of a smoke surcease intercession for pregnant adult females in an urban prenatal clinic. Study Design Randomized controlled tests. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology 391 tobacco users were indiscriminately assigned in two groups. Control group: 198 participants. Experimental group: 193 participants. Intervention Experimental group received usual information with a prenatal and station partum information. Control group received merely usual information. The intercession consisted of single accomplishments direction and guidance by a equal wellness counselor on the usage of a self-help surcease usher and everyday clinic support. Result Measures It was measured by smoking surcease confirmed by cotinine measuring. Significant decrease in smoke was besides considered as an result step. Smoking forms were besides considered Consequences Among the Experimental group ( n = 193 ) , 6.2 % were cotinine confirmed quitters at 3rd trimester and among the C group ( n = 198 ) the quit rate was 5.6 % . Decision No important differences were found in the two groups.Lawrence et Al ( 2002 )State Focus of Study United kingdom To measure the effectivity in assisting pregnant adult females stop smoke of two intercessions ( Pro-Change for a healthy gestation ) based on the Trans theoretical theoretical account of behaviour alteration ( TTM ) compared to current criterion attention Study Design Cluster randomised survey. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology 494 pregnant tobacco users participated. Control group: 243 participants. Experimental group: 251 participants. Intervention Arm 1 for standard attention. Second arm for TTM based ego aid manuals. Third arm for TTM based ego aid manuals plus session with an synergistic computing machine plan giving individualized smoke surcease advice. Result Measures Biochemically confirmed smoke surcease for 10 hebdomads and point prevalence abstention, both measured at 30 hebdomads of gestation and 10 yearss after bringing. Consequences There were little differences between the TTM weaponries. Uniting the two weaponries, the odds ratios at 30 hebdomads were 2.09 ( 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.90 to 4.85 ) for 10 hebdomad sustained abstention and 2.92 ( 95 % CI 1.42 to 6.03 ) for point prevalence abstention relation to controls. At 10 yearss after bringing, the odds ratios were 2.81 ( 95 % CI 1.11 to 7.13 ) and 1.85 ( 95 % CI 1.00 to 3.41 ) for 10 hebdomad and point prevalence abstention severally. Decision Borderline important addition in discontinuing in the combined intercession weaponries.Moore et Al ( 2002 )State Focus of Study United kingdom To measure the effectivity of a ego aid attack to smoking surcease in gestation. Study Design Randomised controlled test. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology 1572 pregnant tobacco users Control Group: 757 participants. Experimental group: 678 participants. Intervention A series of 5 brochures given to pregnant adult females on different phases of gestation Result Measures Validation of smoke by measuring of cotinine at the terminal of 2nd trimester. Self reported smoke position. Consequences Smoking surcease rates were low when cotinine measuring was done. The rates were 18.8 % in intercession group and 20.7 % in normal attention group. Self reported smoking surcease rates were high. The rates were 29.1 % in intercession group and 25.6 % in Normal attention group. Decision Self Help Intervention was utile but non so effectual during prenatal attention. There needs to a more intensive and tailored made intercession be made for good consequences.Natan et Al ( 2010 )State Focus of Study Israel To look into factors impacting adult females ‘s purpose to smoke during gestation. Study Design Cross sectional survey. Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology Pregnant adult females aged between 19-26 old ages 201 participants enrolled in the survey. Intervention Theory of planned behavior. Result Measures Self reported smoke position. Consequences Behavioural attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioral control were found to foretell adult females ‘s purpose to smoke during gestation. Decision Nursing intercessions guided by the TPB may be helpful to assist adult females discontinue smoke in gestation.Strecher et Al ( 2000 )State Focus of Study United states Quit for supports: tailored smoke surcease ushers for gestation and beyond Study Design Randomised controlled test Participant, Recruitment and Sampling Methodology 173 pregnant tobacco users. 88 topics were enrolled as experimental topics, they received trim smoke surcease messages through mail, one after each antenatal visit. 85 topics in control group received a quit smoke brochure and no other stuffs. Intervention The experimental group was given trim messages after each antenatal visit. They were given manus held computing machine and were advised to make full up abruptly follow up interview. Urine samples were collected at the pre natal visits. The control group were merely given merely discontinue smoking brochures. Result Measures It was measured by the interview signifiers filled by the pregnant adult females. Consequences Rate of surcease in control group was 14 % as compared to experimental group was 15 % . There was no important difference in smoking surcease rates. Decision Tailored message produced no alterations in the smoke behavior of the topics.

Chipotle Case Analysis

Chipotle Case Analysis-By Team PYSHEN Strategic Issue: Chipotle plan to find out a correct and effective strategy to continue its sustainable growth and to maintain its profitability by penetrating high market share while competing with its powerful rivals in the fast-casual food industry. External Environment analysis: GENERAL: 1. Demographic: Population size (O): potential increase in US; Age structure: mainly servicing adult between 18-49 years old; Geographic distribution (O): 39 states in the US, 1 in British and 2 in Canada; Ethnic Mix: N/A; Income Distribution: medium or high income (Customers willing to pay the premium). . Economic (T): stagnate, increasing food cost price (demotic 3. 9%, global 37%) and customers’ dwindling budgets. 3. Political (T): ICE shifts its focus; PETA asked to use CAK; definition of healthy food. 4. Sociocultural (T): Higher wage for CIW. 5. Technological: Prevailing Social media (O); Tortilla grill machine (T). 6. Global: Cultural difference s for new stores (T) in international markets. 7. Physical Environment: N/A. INDUSTRY: 1. New entrants (H): Low Barrier, small economies scale, product taste better, and small capital requirements. 2. Suppliers (L): customized food, many local farms. . Buyers (H): low switch costs, sales represent all revenue. 4. Substitute (H), low switch cost, many choices. 5 Rivalry (H), many equally balanced competitors; low storage cost. Internal Environment Analysis: Tangible Resources: Financial (S): High ROI (approx. 10%) and operation cash flow. (V) Capacity to borrow: N/a. Organizational: autonomy in operation, strong incentive. (V). Physical: 22 independent distributers with high qualities. (R), hard to get â€Å"A† location, and higher cost of construct, new stores’ sales are cannibalized by existing ones. W), local supplier and regional distributer, which reduce cost of transportation (V, R, I) Tech: No tortilla grill (W). Intangible resources: Human (S): Restaurateur prog ram to train and reward managers to stay (V, I, R); Internal staff promotions and development (V). Innovation (S): Simple approach to menus with lots of combinations (V, I, R), Menu & Taste (V, R, I, N), Open kitchen design (V, I, R). Reputation (S): Brand name (V, I, R, N); organic, fresh and sustainable ingredients (V, I, R, N); LEED certified restaurants (V, R).Capabilities: relies on strictly chosen suppliers (I). HR: well motivated and empowered (V, I). Marketing (S): effective promotion of brand name (offer free burritos to neighboring; participation in charity fundraiser; setting up event) (V, I, R, N); valuable word-of-mouth from Facebook (V, I). Management information system: N/A. Management (W): simple structure with single office control may reduce the oversight. Manufacturing (S): food productions are reliable with high quality (V, R, I, N). R&D: (N/A).Core competencies: unique menu design, great taste with its sustainable ingredients and quick service visible for custom ers differentiate Chipotle from others. Strictly chosen suppliers help Chipotle meeting its food in integrity goals. Competitor Analysis: Chipotle has bunch of competitors, and Panera is the most powerful one. Both Panera and Chipotle strive to provide quality food with fast service, focus on building their brand image and establish loyal customer relationship to drive repeat sales, and are unwilling to finance themselves by credit (no long-term debt).However, Panera heavily relies on franchise to expand its market, and develops catering business to promote its sales in future, which parts Chipotle doesn’t involve. In fast-casual food market, Panera is a very strong competitor. Business level strategy: differentiation by offering sustainable ingredient and better taste as well as satisfied fast service. Alternatives: 1. Globalization by franchise: Chipotle only has three foreign stores, which located only in Anglo-Saxon countries.However, enlarging its foreign market is a lon g-term task, and is required more financial support. In current status, Chipotle has faced supplier shortage problem. Therefore building local suppliers is becoming more critical issue and need great efforts, and whether this activity can guarantee enough supplies, which meet Chipotle’s strict standards, is still in doubt. A better way is to franchise in international markets because local managers will more familiar with the needs of local customers. Another reason is that Chipotle is reluctant to finance by debt.Through franchising in foreign markets, Chipotle may gather positive cash flows to fund company owned restaurants in U. S. , and avoid large uncertain expense, cultural shock as well as political risks that may be incurred in foreign markets. 2. Exploiting its suppliers: A possible way to penetrate more market share is to exploit and streamline its suppliers. The case shows that the company developed its suppliers by restrict quality, price and protocol standards. S ome supplies shortages have been happened and some restaurants cannot operate smoothly without key ingredients.Chipotle did a good job in its downstream business, which is to provide a qualified food and services; however, it upstream still needs to be well exploited efficiently to meet the huge needs of customers. Two feasible ways may not only lower the food cost but also overcome the shortage. One is developing more qualified suppliers in foreign markets. Although, the requirement of suppliers is hard to meet, Chipotle could corporate with local governments to acquire standardized supplies (successful example is KFC in China). The tariff and freight may be offset by lower labor cost.The other way is to tap into more potential suppliers, with an enlarged supply chains, the company may enjoy a lower cost by economic scale effect. Recommendation: Comparing with the above alternatives, we recommend Chipotle to adopt the second one. The relationship with suppliers is considered as one of its capabilities, and thus, adopting the second method may involve less risky. If the company implements it appropriately, an efficient and effect supply chain could also become its core competency, reduce its cost of goods sold and achieve expected SSS growth.

Margaret Meads Contributions to America

Margaret Meads Contributions to America Free Online Research Papers Anthropologist, Margaret Mead, expanded cultural awareness in American society. Her cross-cultural studies provided a greater international understanding of human complexities in age and gender. She set an example for women and changed the ideals of traditional Western society. Mead traveled to the South Seas to study adolescence, mainly female, in the primitive culture. The goal was to discover weather or not emotional turmoil in adolescence was caused by inborn characteristics, or experiential influences. Scientifically proving correlations and differences would help better understand human behavior. Beginning her journey, she ventured off to Samoa. To become more involved in the scientific process, she created a new system of gathering information, which consisted of her participating in the group as a Somoan adolescent. She ate native meals, dressed in their clothing, slept on thin pads in huts, became informed of and spoke their language, acted with their manners, and participated in their customs as an adolescent girl in that society would have. By doing this, she became the first person to know a primitive culture intimately. She discovered that Somoan adolescence was a time of comfort, which was strikingly opposite compared to that of the teenagers in American societies. The primitive culture raised their children as a collective extended family, which in result, lessened the stresses of individual hopes of parents, reduced attachment issues, and broadened the availability of affection. The developing youngsters also had no shame in their sexual lives; they were gaining experience, not looking for love. On the other hand, the United States mainly consisted of nuclear families. In comparison, these small families produced more anxieties and pressures on teenagers. Also, Americans were frowned upon if they had sexual relations prior to marriage. Her findings, from the attitudes of teenagers, expanded her research. She broadened her analysis to gender and disposition in adults. Americans, during that time, classified females as passive and males as aggressive. To find out if these generalizations of the sexes were universal or caused by upbringing, she traveled to New Guinea to study more primitive cultures. Which, in turn, lead to the book she wrote, â€Å"Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies.† Starting out, she studied the mountain tribe of Arapesh. Both of the sexes were predominately, according to western tradition, feminine. It was a culture whose focus was on growth, that of crops, and that of children. The men hunted as a crew, working together for the good of the entire tribe. Hostility was unacceptable in their traditions and they promoted peace in their society. The only gender difference they practiced was secluding woman during their menstrual cycles. From there, she came across the river tribe of Mundugumor, whose people were a complete polar opposite of that of the Arapesh. Both sexes of their society were ruled by the masculine forces, which excluded all softness of character. Women were vulgar in their natures, treating their children crudely, and their lovers violently. Men had several wives and traded their daughters to other families in exchange for other women. This practice caused rivalry between fathers and sons, who would fight for the new bride. Their system of creating new generations was the cause of their violent temperaments. Next, Mead found a tribe, the Tchambuli, whose customs were reverse compared to Americans. The males in this culture were found mainly in their homes decorating for ceremonies. Females on the other hand, banded together to make nets to trade for other goods. The men were the homemakers and the women were the workers. The wide diversity that the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli cultures exhibited in attitudes, answered the question of nature vs. nurture. These three villages proved that their systems of society, or cultural conditionings, were the causes of their temperaments, not their inborn characteristic. The theory that masculine and feminine roles were innate and unchangeable, was disproved. After bringing this information back to Western society, a change was set in motion and doors were opened, for both women, and men. Gender based roles in America began to redirect courses. Feminism sprouted with women who voiced their opinions on their rights to work and to share duties with men. Other issues, such as, child care facilities, birth control, and abortion were brought into thought. On the contrary, men found themselves beginning to take on house hold chores and child care responsibilities. This produced a quest for balance in relationships. Marriage and living arrangements also made turn in direction. Prior to the knowledge of variance in cultures, men and women couples were only accepted in American society. That progressed to homosexuals and lesbians, who began to date and live with one another, no longer in secret. Heterosexual lovers also started sharing homes, and having children without getting married. Meads contributions to the United States opened new doors of thought and ways of viewing contemporary society. Her studies in primitive areas around the world provided insight to the fields of psychology and anthropology, and also, brought solutions to unanswered questions. She became a profound figure in women’s rights and was respected for her diverse views of civilization as a whole. Research Papers on Margaret Mead's Contributions to AmericaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCapital Punishment

Best Quotes About Friendship From the Greatest Thinkers

Best Quotes About Friendship From the Greatest Thinkers What is friendship? How many types of friendship can we recognize, and in what degree shall we seek each of them? Many of the greatest philosophers in both ancient and modern times have addressed those questions and neighboring ones. Ancient Philosophers on Friendship   Friendship played a central role in ancient ethics and political philosophy. The following are quotes on the topic from some of the most notable thinkers from ancient Greece and Italy. Aristotle aka AristotelÄ“s NÄ «komakhou kai Phaistidos StageiritÄ“s (384–322 B.C.): In books eight and nine of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle divided friendship into three types: Friends for pleasure: Social bonds that are established to enjoy one’s spare time, such as friends for sports or hobbies, friends for dining, or for parties.Friends for benefit: All bonds for which cultivation is primarily motivated by work-related reasons or by civic duties, such as being friends with your colleagues and neighbors.True friends: True friendship and true friends are what Aristotle explains are mirrors to each other and a single soul dwelling in two bodies. In poverty and other misfortunes of life, true friends are a sure refuge. The young they keep out of mischief; to the old, they are a comfort and aid in their weakness, and those in the prime of life, they incite to noble deeds. St. Augustine aka Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430 A.D.): I want my friend to miss me as long as I miss him.   Cicero aka Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 B.C.): A friend is, as it were, a second self. Epicurus (341–270 B.C.):  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is not so much our friends help that helps us as it is, as the confidence of their help.† Euripides (c.484–c.406 B.C.):  Friends show their love in times of trouble, not in happiness. and Life has no blessing like a prudent friend.   Lucretius aka Titus Lucretius  Carus (c.94–c.55 B.C.):  We are each of us angels with only one wing, and we can only fly by embracing one another. Plautus aka Titus Maccius Plautus (c.254–c.184 B.C.):  Nothing but heaven itself is better than a friend who is really a friend. Plutarch aka Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (c.45–c.120 A.D.):  I dont need a friend who changes when I change and who nods when I nod; my shadow does that much better.   Pythagoras aka Pythagoras of Samos (c.570–c.490 B.C.): Friends are as companions on a journey, who ought to aid each other to persevere in the road to a happier life. Seneca aka Seneca the Younger or Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c.4 B.C.–65 A.D.:  Friendship always benefits; love sometimes injures. Zeno aka Zeno of Elea (c.490–c.430 BC):  A friend is another self. Modern and Contemporary Philosophy on Friendship   In modern and contemporary philosophy, friendship loses the central role it had played once upon a time. Largely, we may speculate this to be related to the emergence of new forms of social aggregations.  Nonetheless, it is easy to find some good quotes. Francis Bacon (1561–1626): Without friends the world is but a wilderness. There is no man that imparteth his joys to his friend, but he joyeth the more; and no man that imparteth his griefs to his friend, but he grieveth the less. William James (1842–1910):  Human beings are born into this little span of life of which the best thing is its friendship and intimacies, and soon their places will know them no more, and yet they leave their friendships and intimacies with no cultivation, to grow as they will by the roadside, expecting them to keep by force of inertia.   Jean de La Fontaine (1621–1695):  Friendship is the shadow of the evening, which strengthens with the setting sun of life. Clive Staples Lewis (1898–1963):  Friendship is unnecessary, like philosophy, like art... It has no survival value; rather it is one of those things that give value to survival. George Santayana (1863–1952):  Friendship is almost always the union of a part of one mind with the part of another; people are friends in spots. Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862):  The language of friendship is not words, but meanings.

68 Book Cover Ideas to Take Your Book Cover from Bland to Brilliant

68 Book Cover Ideas to Take Your Book Cover from Bland to Brilliant 68 Book Cover Ideas To Inspire Your Next Book You know the mantra: â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover.† But that’s easier to say than do. A book's cover is your not-so-secret weapon when it comes to sales  and the  reader's very first impression of a book. Or, as  famed designer Paul Sahre once put it in an interview with Penguin Random House:â€Å"On a purely functional level, a jacket is there to protect the book, but I also like to think of a book cover as a door. It’s the beginning of the experience of reading.†Basically, book cover design is one of the book’s most important assets and can have an enormous impact on sales  - so you need to get it right.  We cherry-picked 68 brilliant covers to give you some book cover ideas. (If you're looking to inspire a great back  cover, read this post that's all about the book's back.) Happy viewing! 68 book cover ideas that can (and will) inspire your next book! #bookdesign Illustration-oriented Book Covers1. Minimalism is still trendy. Cover designs  by (from left to right): Richard Augustus.When in doubt, just remember Michael Jackson’s Thriller: dark, moody, and dramatic. That’s the atmosphere that a cover for a thriller will aim to create. To that end, they’ll tend to stick to a dark and contrasting color template. Meanwhile, the type is more often than not going to be sans-serif, so that the books seems modern, cutting-edge, and, most of all, exciting.If you'd like even MORE inspiration, why not check out Reedsy Book Cover Art Gallery,  where you'll find wonderful examples of the work being done by freelancer designers today.Feeling inspired? Now go forth and create your own cover! Or leave a comment if you have any questions for us about the cover design process.

Timid President-Futile War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Timid President-Futile War - Essay Example The wars are considered futile because of the many expectations the Bush administration intended to achieve that did not come to pass, the reason why President Obama decided to withdraw the U.S troops from Iraq after almost a decade of occupation. President George Bush’s decision to attack Iraq was based on unfounded beliefs in the presence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The Saddam Hussein administration granted the UN and the Americans permission to inspect their weapons artillery to ascertain if they were indeed developing weapons of WMD and even though nothing was found, Bush and his administration believed Iraq did not reveal everything and that formed the basis of American’s invasion of Iraq and the subsequent execution of Saddam Hussein. George Bush’s decision to convince congress to allow America attack Iraq was based on fear that terrorists were likely to attack America again and not necessarily because of WMD that were never found after they subdu ed Iraq. Another factor that led to American invasion of Iraq was interest in the Middle East oil resulting from the fear of uncertainty in the future of American energy security. For this, he saw Saddam Hussein as a major impediment to the benefit they would receive from Middle East oil. They had prevailed upon the United Nations to put economic sanctions on Iraq with the food-for-oil arrangement but this did not deter Iraq, so he believed the best way to achieve their objective was by deposing Saddam Hussein from power. It was therefore an embarrassment to the bush administration when the WMD were never found and nothing could justify the military expenditure on the war (McClellan & McClellan, 2008). President Bush’s fear just before and after the invasion of Iraq began showed up immediately. The United Nations, led by Kofi Annan, opposed the war and proposed a peaceful way of resolving the American suspicion but the administration disobeyed because their fears. It is this very fear that led to interference in the war by civilian commanders based in Washington, which left soldiers on the ground very indisposed. There was also the misconception by the administration that Iraqi soldiers could provide reinforcement and military support. Some Iraqi soldiers did not support the war and posed a great risk to Americans as they ganged up with insurgents to cause trouble to the American troops. In fact, many American soldiers died and had injuries more than the administration had anticipated. As a result of fear, the Bush administration overlooked the process of reconstruction; they did not foresee the magnitude of destruction that resulted from this war. The destruction was so vast that it needed the participation of European bloc, the UN and other international bodies to help in the reconstruction exercise. Although the three segments were interested in participating in the reconstruction, American stubbornness in its interest to lead the reconstruction exer cise after causing destruction made them develop cold feet and some eventually withdrawn. President Bush then made it appear like no country or organization was willing to participate in the restoration exercise. Toward the end of the Bush administration, there was panic both in Washington and Baghdad when it became apparent that there was a political and military vacuum in Iraq. The Iraqi government apparatus collapsed and the institutions that provided basic services like water and electricity could no longer coordinate because staff could not come to work. The Bush administration in its panic started doing things in haste to fill in the vacuum.

Nonprofit Discussion Questions 1-4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nonprofit Discussion Questions 1-4 - Coursework Example guiding principles which call for avoiding concentration of powers in the hands certain board members and call it be teamwork with neither management being too powerful. This has been criticized in certain place sayings that with this model the board members are only limited to the policy making and formulation rather than the implementations. The nonprofit organization since based on charity and other funding or donations tend to be dependent on the volunteers. If we want our volunteering force to be very active and be there to work with full dedication and interest we must provide them certain incentives to keep them going .Acknowledge being the very basic we may give them some token of appreciation that will also lead to interest for other workers since they would also wont to have that reward. Other benefits may include provision of free services in certain spheres or free food and clothes. What I reached the conclusion after having a detailed discussion was that when we hire people we must beforehand inform them about the structure so that they can have an idea if they work with such load and environment or not. Further the members must learned down to earth have no interest in material gains and would work with full dedication keeping the whole firm as one unit. It is definitely very essential to know the position of the nonprofit in the lifecycle to have a full comprehension of the leadership and the governance. In the lifecycle of an organization basically gives us the basic know how of the firm and hierarchy which in turn gives us the idea of the governance and the board members. Have good relation with the competing organizations and have friendly atmosphere within the organization. It helps us in adopting a model of governance that is suitable for the present conditions and the effective board members and meetings. When we come to links with external sources as nonprofit organization we can take up the following exemplary cases. USAID partnership

Memoir Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memoir Assignment - Essay Example It was around 10 o’clock in the morning when the accident occurred. While traversing one of the many narrow mountain bends, our bus skidded off the road and plunged down a ravine. I remember screaming in horror before fainting. When I opened my eyes, the first person I saw was my grandmother. She was tying her scarf around my slightly bruised forehead. The badly dented bus was precariously perched against a small boulder on the edge of a thin ledge. I was relieved to find that my grandmother was not injured. She told me how the narrow ledge saved us (there were around 30 people in the bus), breaking the fall of the plummeting bus. There were many injuries but luckily none fatal. Some passengers tried to use their mobile phones, but encountered range problems. My grandmother was magnificent, going around bandaging wounds,comforting people, assuring them that help would come. Some passengers tried to use their mobile phones, but failed due to range problems. Help did come, and sooner that we expected. We later learnt that the driver of a car traveling some distance behind our bus witnessed the accident, and reported it at the nearest police station. A rescue team rushed out to our aid. Fortunately, the ledge on which we huddled was quite near the top (about 150 feet), and we soon heard sounds of cranes and winches being mobilized. Relief and excitement was very much evident among us as everyone started talking or laughing with some even crying. Our joyful celebrations were interrupted by a shrill scream. One of the passengers was an American tourist (we later learned her name was Linda) who was knocked unconscious during the accident. She had returned to consciousness, looked around searchingly, and started screaming that her little daughter Wilma was still trapped in the bus. We tried to tell her that help was on the way and specialized rescue workers would secure the bus soon, but she screamed that it may be too late.

Discussion Board 2-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board 2-2 - Essay Example Following state and federal laws as well as professional codes of ethics assist assessors and test-taker in solidifying credibility of their psychological tests and assessments. Cohen, Swerdlik and Sturnam (2013) elucidate that the laws and codes of ethic act as basic standards that assessors and test-takers should rely on to produce inadmissible test and assessment results. Following state and federal laws and professional codes of ethics guides in observing client’s rights, which foster may work to encourage more disclosure about problems faced. Following laws and professional codes of ethics assist assessors and test-takers ensure mental, emotional and physical safety of all parties involved in a given psychological test or assessment. The laws and codes of ethics usually clarify the extents to which assessors may go in interrogating clients (Cohen, Swerdlik & Sturnam, 2013). The limits are usually such that there is maximum observation of client’s independence and safety. Furthermore, following established laws and professional codes of ethics can work out as defence for assessors in case they are to face false incrimination or accusations as regards conducted psychological tests or

Alcohol Advertisement Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Alcohol Advertisement Report - Essay Example Now the ads are found everywhere in the newspaper, magazine, TV shows even in the textbooks. Ads can be seen at every nook and corner, as they are being so common that the people are also being familiar with the message they convey. Alcohol companies do put warning like â€Å"Drink Responsibly† on their advertisement but no one bothers to consider that, because the alcohol advertisement make drinking so appealing to the youth, that they start believing it to become one of those â€Å"cool kids† in town. The above advertisement is of signature, product of MC Dowell Nepal Limited and it is taken from January 15 2007 issue of â€Å"The Boss†, a business magazine. As we can see that their main target in this advertisement is youth and adolescent. The companies advertising alcohol products mainly show it as a â€Å"Lifestyle Theme†; which prompts the viewer to take the action as the advertiser wants. It is observable in the above advertisement, that the people portrayed belong to a wealthy background, and are going somewhere, away from their workplace or home town.

Causes of the 2007-08 Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Causes of the 2007-08 Financial Crisis - Essay Example Due to this the mortgage originators had lesser incentive to motivate them to take careful underwritings (Chapra, M., 2009). The economy of the real estate industry was affected seriously by the step. With these kinds of effects that the real estate industry had on the economy of the world, it is quite evident that real estate industry is an economic to reckon. More attention was accorded to loan volumes rather than loan quality as banks fought to increase their investment opportunities hoping to maximize their profits as a result of the economic crunch (Torres, 2010). In Greece alone, investors became reluctant to do business or even finance the Government deficits (Torres, 2010). With the decline in the confidence in government, falling by around 10% in many countries, it became very evident that the masses were discontent with the short term measures that were being taken by governments to try and solve the situation (Torres, 2010). The effects of the meltdown were felt quite deep down the social ladder. Starting at the top with the banks not trusting one another and the interbank credit being anemic, the unequal economic incomes affected the wage growth in countries where it would have been justified by the productivity

Alcohol Advertisement Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Alcohol Advertisement Report - Essay Example Now the ads are found everywhere in the newspaper, magazine, TV shows even in the textbooks. Ads can be seen at every nook and corner, as they are being so common that the people are also being familiar with the message they convey. Alcohol companies do put warning like â€Å"Drink Responsibly† on their advertisement but no one bothers to consider that, because the alcohol advertisement make drinking so appealing to the youth, that they start believing it to become one of those â€Å"cool kids† in town. The above advertisement is of signature, product of MC Dowell Nepal Limited and it is taken from January 15 2007 issue of â€Å"The Boss†, a business magazine. As we can see that their main target in this advertisement is youth and adolescent. The companies advertising alcohol products mainly show it as a â€Å"Lifestyle Theme†; which prompts the viewer to take the action as the advertiser wants. It is observable in the above advertisement, that the people portrayed belong to a wealthy background, and are going somewhere, away from their workplace or home town.

Comparison-Contrast life before the internet vs life after the Essay

Comparison-Contrast life before the internet vs life after the internet - Essay Example Camacho indicates that it was tedious to send since it could take up to an hour or longer to write and then stuff the letter into an envelope, fix a stamp and then drop into a mailbox. It took quite a few days for the letter to be delivered. Today we are at advantage since we can sit in front of a computer and type an e-mail then send with just one click of a button and it reaches its destination right away. As technology advances, we have also seen changes in conversation; these differences may be seen as more of an improvement rather than a mere paradigm shift as with letters versus email (Camacho, para3). Earlier, the only way of having a conversation was through a live conversation with someone at a distant location over the telephone. Telephone has evolved along with the internet and now there is more option available to us. We can now use a choice of instantaneous messengers on the computer to chat, in addition to having a phone dialogue with someone. The way people live, play and work has been changed by the internet. People book all the elements of a vocation online and play travel agent unlike before when one had to go all the way to the booking office and do the bookings. Today people can arrange their bills to be paid automatically even when they are not there physically. The internet has brought a lot of changes and faster reachable information.

Communication and Proffesional Relationships Essay Example for Free

Communication and Proffesional Relationships Essay 1 Information from supporting teaching learning n schools by Louise Burnham To establish respectful, professional relationships with children and young people you should adapt your behaviour and communication accordingly. You should also be able to show that you are approachable and able to work in an environment of mutual support. When working with children or young people, it is important to earn their trust to enable an honest relationship to develop. This can usually be done by ensuring that your behaviour is professional, relationship and fair at all times. Children of all ages, cultures and abilities must feel secure and valued. In order to get these relationships correct from the start you should all discuss rules and how they will be important when working together. Always respect others at the beginning and remember that this is crucial, start by talking about how you are going to work together and what each individual wants out of it. This will enable that you develop a mutually respectful relationship. All of teachers / assistants need to be aware of the kinds of issues which are vital to pupils and always be able to take time in talking these through when necessary. To show children they are part of the school community you should positively communicate and involve pupils. This however is not the same as giving pupils attention when they demand it! HOW TO BEHAVE APPROPRIATELY FOR A CHILD OR YOUNG PERSON’S STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT 1.2 Information from supporting teaching learning in schools by Louise Burnham and internet. Communication with children and young people differs across different age groups and stages of development, which may require varying levels of attention at different times. The younger the child, the more reassurance is required, especially when first starting school. They also may need to have more physical contact as a result. As children become more mature, they may require more help with talking through issues and reflecting their thoughts. For example, in Key stage 1 the manner in which I communicate in is being more adapted, to come down to the child’s level of speaking and repeat what is said for them until it is clearly understood. Where as a child in key stage 3 or 4 the language is used informally and formally depending on their confidence to communicate what they think and as technology as evolved emails and text are used as a form of communication. To have patience, act sensitively and take care with children who have  communication difficulties, as they will need a lot more time to understand and comprehend what the task in hand is. Also to feel a reassurance that they don’t feel pressurized when speaking. Some children or young people may not have many opportunities to speak or may be anxious or nervous. The level of communication is adapted to the needs of the individual. For example, if they have a speech disorder, such as a stammer, which makes it difficult for them to speak aloud, then extra time should be allowed, for them to collect their thoughts. Also trying not to finish their sentences, or guess what they are trying to say, to give the child independence of their speech, to encourage self-esteem and confidence. HOW TO DEAL WITH DISAGREEMENTS BETWEEN CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE . 1.3 Disagreements between children and their peers will often happen regularly and teachers or assistants will have to deal with these situations. This can happen in the classroom but is usually in the playground or while having lunch. It is very important for pupils to know that you have listened to their view in what has happened. Always make sure you hear from all sides of the story and find out exactly what has happened from the beginning. Then you should decide whether anyone was in the wrong and if apologies are required or any further steps. For example referral to head teacher. Children and young people should also be able to understand how their own feelings may influence their behaviour and this might have to be discussed. For example saying to a child‘ I understand you are upset today because you could not do baking today’ will help them link between emotion and behaviour. This will able them to understand how to think about others. An effective way of encouraging children to understand and respect others feelings is discussing this as a whole class or making it an activity such as ‘circle time’. Circle time is very effective for older children however very young children may not be able to sit for a length of time and be able to wait for their turn before speaking out. Some schools use strategies such as the restorative justice programme. Which is taken from the criminal justice system and have worked well as a method of resolving behaviour issues.

Effects of Homework in Therapy Sessions

Effects of Homework in Therapy Sessions Activities given to clients to complete in between therapeutic sessions have become a commonly used component of psychological therapies, especially cognitive approaches (Beck et al., 1979). What is sometimes called homework has been used to help address a wide variety of clinical problems including depressive disorders, schizophrenia and social phobia. This essay critically examines the empirical studies on homework and its influence on treatment outcomes. The term homework can include a wide variety of different activities given to clients. Scheel et al. (1999) provide some typical examples of those most often used by cognitive therapists: those involving reframing meanings, validation of internal experiences, social interactions and decision making. It has been hypothesised that homework is effective by encouraging the client to practice new skills learned in therapy outside of those therapeutic sessions (Burns, Adams Anastopoulos, 1985). While the term homework has been criticised for its unpleasant connotations with schoolwork (Coon et al., 2005), the real, practical question is whether the process itself actually improves patient outcomes. Despite its broad use within cognitive therapy, there has been relatively little research into its effectiveness until recently (Kazantzis, Deane Ronan, 2000). Broadly two types of studies have been carried out to examine the effect of homework on treatment outcomes: correlational and those with a control group. Correlational studies have generally found a positive association between adherence to homework and a more positive outcome. For example Burns and Spangler (2000) found that compliance to homework was significantly associated with reduced depression. These authors also report that their effect sizes were large, translating to an average reduction of 16.6 points on the Beck Depression Inventory for those who completed their homework compared with a reduction of only 2.4 points for those who did little (or no) homework. Other studies have also reached similar conclusions (e.g. Burns Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Leung Heimberg, 1996). Despite these positive results these types of st udies are always open to the criticism that they are weak evidence because of their correlational design. It may be, for example, that homework compliance is simply a result of improvement rather than a cause. Better designs incorporating a control group which can, therefore, impute causality have not produced such definitive results, are far fewer, and older. Some have shown positive effects for homework (e.g. Kazdin Mascitelli, 1982), while others have failed to show a positive effect (e.g. Blanchard et al., 1991). This uncertainty was underlined by a meta-analysis of both the correlational and control group studies carried out by Kazantzis et al. (2000) which reported a weighted average effect size for 27 such studies as 0.36 only a small to moderate effect far smaller than that reported by Burns and Spangler (2000). This meta-analysis has also been criticised for including studies that were not controlled and some which had poor designs (Lambert, Harmon, Slade, 2007). The majority of studies since Kazantzis et al.s (2000) meta-analysis have also been correlational. Coon and Thompson (2003), for example, examined the use of homework in older adults with mild to moderate depression. Using a regression analysis they found homework was associated with better outcomes but this is still effectively only correlational data. Rees, McEvoy and Nathan (2005) recruited participants with both anxiety and depression and found homework was associated with better outcomes. But, again this study was correlational in design. For anxiety disorders, however, even correlational studies have proved less conclusive than for depression. Some studies of anxiety have found positive correlations (e.g. Wetherell et al., 2005), while others have not (e.g. Woody Adessky, 2002). For more serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia, empirical work is only just emerging and the results of two studies have found no relationship between improved schizophrenia symptoms and home work compliance (Dunn, Morrison Bentall, 2006; Granholm et al., 2006). In conclusion, the picture emerging from the empirical literature is positive for the effect of homework compliance on outcome only when the correlational data is examined. This work suggests mild to moderate depression is responsive to homework, while anxiety disorders and psychosis is less so. Unfortunately these types of studies find it difficult to counter the argument that homework compliance is simply a result of a better outcome, rather than a cause. Controlled experimental designs, which can make this causal distinction, have been few and are generally much less conclusive. Consequently, while the use of homework in cognitive therapy seems likely to do little harm (although the term may have some stigma attached), the extant research is yet to definitively demonstrate it has more than a marginal benefit. References Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guildford Press. Blanchard, E. B., Nicholson, N. L., Radnitz, C., Steffek, B. D., Appelbaum, K. A., Dentinger, M. P. (1991). The role of home practice in thermal biofeedback. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 59, 507-512. Burns, D. D., Adams, R. L. Anastopoulos, A. D. (1985). The role of self-help assignments in the treatment of depression. In: E. E. Beckham W. R. Leber (Eds.), Handbook of depression treatment, assessment, and research (pp. 634-668). Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press. Burns, D. D., Nolenn-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Coping styles, homework compliance, and the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 59, 305-311. Burns, D. D., Spangler, D. L. (2000). Does psychotherapy homework lead to improvements in depression in cognitive-behavioral therapy or does improvement lead to increased homework compliance? Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 68, 46-56. Coon, D. W., Thompson, L. W. (2003). The relationship between homework compliance and treatment outcomes among older adult outpatients with mild-to-moderate depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 53-61. Coon, D. W., Rabinowitz, Y. G., Thompson, L. W., Gallacher-Thompson, D. (2005). Older Adults. In: N. Kazantzis, F. P. Deane, K. R. Ronan L. LAbate (Eds.). Using Homework Assignments in Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (pp. 117-152). New York: Routledge. Dunn, H., Morrison, A. P., Bentall, R. P. (2006). The relationship between patient suitability, therapeutic alliance, homework compliance and outcome in cognitive therapy for psychosis. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 145-152. Granholm, E., Auslander, L. A., Gottlieb, J. D., McQuaid, J. R., McClure, F. S. (2006). Therapeutic factors contributing to change in cognitive-behavioral group therapy for older persons with schizophrenia. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36, 31-41. Kazantzis, N., Deane, F., Ronan, K. R. (2000). Homework assignments in cognitive behavioral therapy: A Meta-Analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 189-202. Kazdin, A. E., Mascitelli, S. (1982). Covert and overt rehearsal and homework practice in developing assertiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 250-258. Lambert, M. J., Harmon, S. C., Slade, K. (2007). Directions for future research on homework. In: N. Kazantzis L. lAbate (Eds.). Handbook of homework assignments in psychotherapy (pp. 407-423). New York: Springer. Leung, A. W., Heimberg, R. G. (1996). Homework compliance, perceptions of control, and outcome of cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research Therapy, 34, 423-432. Rees, C. S., McEvoy, P., Nathan, P. R. (2005). Relationship between homework completion and outcome in cognitive behaviour therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34, 242-247. Scheel, M. J., Seaman, S., Roach, K., Mullin, T., Mahoney, K. B. (1999). Client implementation of therapist recommendations predicted by client perception of fit, difficulty of implementation, and therapist influence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 308-316. Wetherell, J. L., Hopko, D. R., Diefenbach, G. J., Averill, P. M., Beck, J. G., Craske, M. G., et al. (2005). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for late-life generalized anxiety disorder: Who gets better? Behavior Therapy, 36, 147-156. Woody, S. R., Adessky, R. S. (2002). Therapeutic alliance, group cohesion, and homework compliance during cognitive-behavioral group treatment of social phobia. Behavior Therapy, 3, 5-27.

Martin Luther King Jr. :: Racism MLK History Historican Essays

Martin Luther King Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther King Jr. was definitely an influential speaker and writer. He was able to move people with his ideas and words. In his letter from the Birmingham jail he was trying to inform people of the injustices that African Americans were experiencing at this time. His audience was mainly the clergymen of the church. Since most Americans at this time believed that African Americans were uneducated and not on the same level as white Americans, MLK had to prove otherwise. MLK did this by using strong rhetoric in his speeches and letters. Two of the rhetoric styles that I feel was most effective were his use of logic and pathos. MLK knew that if he was going to make an impression on his audience he was going to have to bring his A game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On page 182 we see some of MLK first usage of logos. He states that he is in Birmingham because of the injustice that is occurring there. He compares this to when the prophets in the eighth century B.C. left their homes to spread the word of Christ. He also compares himself to Paul, when he carried the word of Jesus Christ to the Greco-Roman world. I feel this is important for his letter because most of his audience was clergymen, and it also shows the importance of his message and also him being there in Birmingham. On the next page he breaks down the process and steps in a nonviolent campaign.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MLK also does a good job of showing his emotions through pathos. He compliments his readers on page 182 by telling them that they are wise men and men of genuine good will. Another time when MLK uses pathos that stands out at me is on page 186 when he states that he has to explain to his six year old daughter that she cant attend fun world because the color of her skin. He also says â€Å"Its hurts him when he can see the clouds of

Social Studies Form 2

Section A : INDIAN OCEAN 1. The largest ocean in the world is A. Pacific Ocean B. Arctic Ocean C. Indian Ocean D. Antarctic Ocean 2. The line of latitude that divides the world into two is A. Tropic of Capricorn B. Tropic of Cancer C. Equator D. Greenwich Meridian 3. Which stretch of water is found between East Africa and Madagascar? A. Mozambique Channel B. Red Sea C. Arabian Sea D. Persian Gulf 4. Very long ago , the eastern coast of Africa was peopled by a mixture of different tribes who spoke A.Creole language B. English language C. Arabic language D. Bantu language 5. The musical instrument used by Indonesians very long ago was known as A. flute B. valiha C. guitar D. tabla 6. Four thousand years ago , Egyptians used to sail to the country of Punt which is actually A. the coast of Somalia B. Kenya C. Tanzania D. Uganda 7. Four thousand years ago , Egyptians used to sail to the country of Punt which is actually A. the coast of Somalia B. Kenya C.Tanzania D. Uganda 8. From what an imal is ivory obtained ? A. Cattle B. Camel C. Sheep D. Elephant 9. Which one of the following statements describe plantation farming? A. A company like LONRHO cultivating sugar cane on a large extent in Mauritius. B. A planter cultivating vegetables on a small plot of land. C. A small land holder cultivating tea in Mauritius. D. A man cultivating pineapples for his own use. 10. The Arabs travelled in ships called A. Canot `a balancier B.Bateau cousu C. Dhows D. Chinese Janks 11. Why did Vasco da gama sail close to the Eastern coast of Africa ? A. They could stop in any country in case of difficulty. B. They had heard of its great wealth. C. They were the greatest European sailors of the time. D. They wanted to trade with Indians. 12. Why are some tankers not able to pass through the suez canal? A. Because are too big B. Because are too small C. Because the roads are renovated D. Because there was no petrol

Diary of Lady Murasaki Response Questions

Diary of Lady Murasaki Response Questions 1. Drawing evidence from the text, describe Lady Murasaki. Who is she? What is important to her? How important is she politically? Why do you think she keeps her diary? What are her frustrations with life at court? How typical/atypical is she as a woman in Heian Japan? Lady Murasaki was a Japanese poet at the Imperial court and served under Empress Shoshi. She writes this diary during her experiences at court and she finds the life of a lady-in-waiting, or a servant that has social certainty, and the events that are unfolded in court are important. She describes in her diary how she feels helpless at court and she is unhappy with her low rank in society compared to others in the Fujiwara clan which frustrates her, but makes her more inclined to write about it and keep a diary. She is a pretty typical woman in Heian Japan, but she often writes about how the other court women were less educated than her and that she was stronger-willed. 2. What does the text reveal about the political world of Heian Japan? What is the role of the emperor? What is the role of the regent? Which is more ‘important’? How do people gain and maintain political power? What happens to those who lose political power? During the Heian period of Japan the land was controlled by family clans and whoever was the most powerful family held the most importance. Within the family there is also ranks of political power branching down from the Emperor and Empress, but most of the other ranks are all related to each other through the family clan. The Emperor is the head of the family clan is said to be in that position by a heavenly right, while a regent is more of a governor addressing political issues. Both are important, but while the Emperor is the symbol of the people and their unity, the regent sparingly makes the differences in how the people get to live. 3. What does the text reveal about the roles of men in Heian Japan? How are they identified? What is their role in the family, in politics, in religion, in military? How much power and what type of power do men have? What do you find surprising about what is considered important/unimportant for men during Heian Japan? Why? Men controlled the majority of society as like any culture during this time period. The military was solely inhabited by men as was the political power, but women were allowed to be present in court and other social events. They had a good education and if they were in a political position they learned Chinese because it was used for legal documents and record keeping. 4. What does the text reveal about the roles of women in Heian Japan? How are they identified? What is their role in the family, in politics, in religion? How much and what type of power do women have? What do you find surprising about what is considered important/unimportant for women during Heian Japan? Why? Women during this time were surprisingly better off than in other centuries. They were excluded from public affairs, but involved in court as we can see in the diary. They were also educated and involved with events around the palace such as ceremonies, weddings, and poetry reciting. Women had to know how to dress correctly, but once they did they were expected to learn to dress very formally and elegantly. 5. What does the text reveal about social classes and social mores in Heian Japan? What are the differences between the social classes? How does social class affect the way people live and the political power they wield? What are the social expectations for men and women? What is good behavior/what is bad behavior? Does any of this surprise you? Most of Japan’s social class was in agriculture and lived outside the city walls and never entered the palace. Within the palace there are a separate set of social classes. The Emperor and Empress will always sit at the top of the ladder, but amongst everyone else there are strict guidelines to follow. Passages in the diary describe the uses of colors in clothing and how some colors shouldn’t be worn by certain social classes. The diary also accounts hat giving presents alter throughout social class. Nobles get the best gift and then the different ranks of courtiers, first rank being the highest and sixth rank one of the lowest. What does the text reveal about religion in Heian Japan? What is the role of religion? What type of religion do you see represented? What are the religious concerns of Lady Murasaki? What do her religious concerns reveal about life in Heian Japan? The religion of Shintoism can be seen with the heavenly right for the Emperor to rule over the people within his family clan name and to protect the imperial family. During the birth of Fujiwara no Michinaga, towards the beginning, Murasaki writes about the Buddhist priests coming and performing exorcisms and warding off evil. Lady Murasaki later writes that she â€Å"immerses [herself] in reading sutras for Amida Buddha†, which shows what kind of religious practices she participates in. All of these religions being present throughout the diary tells that religion is at a point of uncertainty in Heian Japan and there are many influences that come with them.

Level 3 Child Development

Child Development Project CYP Level 3 Main principles of development: The main principles of development are: * Physical development – gross and fine motor skills * Communication development * Social development * Emotional development * Intellectual development * Moral development Sequences of development: Sequences of development are the order in which children develop; all children follow the same sequence of development but at different rates.For example the sequence of physical development starting from birth will start with a baby turning his/her head towards a sound – then able to hold their head up independently – sit up with support and reach for objects – start to crawl and sit up independently – begins to stand up holding onto objects and walking around holding onto things. The sequences carry on throughout life and there are different areas of development in which sequences occur. How development and learning are interconnected:Babies an d children are learning from you all the time, a good example to explain this would be if a baby isn’t spoken to often then that baby will lack in their communicational skills in the future were as a baby who is interacted with frequently will learn words and develop communicational skills quicker than a child who isn’t. Also a child will progress in their moral skills by learning that we don’t snatch toys when they are told that it is wrong to snatch and that we wait until that child is finished playing with it then you are welcome to have it.And if you turn it round a child will learn it is right to wait for their turn with a toy instead of snatching when they are praised for doing so. Rate of development: All children will follow the same sequence of development but not all at the same time, all children are different. For example not all children will walk before their 1st birthday and not all children will be able to use the potty independently by the age o f 2.A child may be developing at a steady rate in one area of development but may be struggling with another area, that is where adults step in and support them in furthering their development in that area. Different areas of development can affect other areas for example physical can affect emotional, a child will learn to manage their emotions by having the experience, a child will experience that if there is only one balancing beam then they will have to be patient if there are other children on it at the same time as him/her.Development is holistic means that each area of development can be affected by another area of development for example if a child can’t identify the colour red and cannot deal with the emotion of being wrong (emotional development) then his level of resilience will drop and won’t have the confidence to try new things which will affect his intellectual development. How and why variations occur in rate and sequence of development and learning: Th ing that could cause variations in the rate and sequence of development and learning are: * Culture * Health Genetics * Wealth * Disabilities * Environment and surroundings 3 examples: Culture – some cultures are stricter than others which may mean the expectations of the child are higher than another child who has a different background. A child from a strict culture and who is expected highly of will most probably develop quicker than a child who is expected to do what they can and challenged when they are ready to move on. Health – a child with asthma who cannot join in all sports and physical activities could cause a delay in their physical development.Wealth – a child who lives in a house with a garden and a bike with no stabilisers to practice on will most probably be able to ride a bike with no stabilisers before a child who lives in a block of flats who is only able to go and practise when someone can take him out. Explanations of the pattern of developm ent in the first 3 years and skills typically acquired at each stage: Personal factors influencing development, including; Health could delay a child’s physical development if they are not able to join in physical activities because they won’t get the experience they need to develop their gross motor skills further.Disability could delay a child’s social development if they feel left out, it may lower their self-esteem and their confidence in making friends therefore they won’t be getting the experience they need to develop their social skills and their emotional development because they won’t be learning to wait their turn and share. Also they may lack in a ‘can do’ attitude which could stop them from trying new things and trying again if they fail the first time. Genetic inheritance Sensory impairments usually result in the other senses becoming stringer.Although it could delay the child’s development if it isn’t diagno sed early, the earlier it is diagnose the earlier the child can be supported and be taught relevant things in a way that suits them. Learning difficulties could affect the way the child interacts with other children which could delay their social and emotional skills because they could either not interact enough or interact in an angry way because they are frustrated with themselves which in that case the child doesn’t know how to handle their emotions.External factors which influence child development, including: Motivation is very important, for a child to progress their development they need motivation to try new things and to try again if they aren’t able to do it the first time. Without motivation a child is likely to lack in resilience and self-esteem because they don’t have that person telling them it’s okay, to keep practising, sometimes there are things we are not able to do but sometimes we can do things that other cant. Economic, social, cultur al and environmental. Family environment and backgroundBullying: if a child is being bullied or discriminated against then it will lower their self-esteem, they won’t want to socialise and make friends and they will withdraw themselves from groups which will not benefit their development because they won’t have a ‘can do’ attitude towards learning and trying new things. Adult expectations: if the child is expected highly of then it could end in the child being well developed or the child not managing the pressure and struggling to manage their feelings and behaviour. If the adults expectations are reasonable to the child then they should develop at their own rate.Education: The potential effects of pre conceptual, pre-birth and birth experiences on development The impact of current research into the development and learning of babies and young children: How learning takes place in different ways: The Importance of play in children’s development; Phy sical Development Gross Motor Skills and Fine Motor Skills to include development of locomotion, balance and co-ordination 0 – 3 YEARS| 4 – 7 YEARS| 8 -12 YEARS| 13 – 19 YEARSOnset of Puberty and adolescence| Activities to promote development:|

Macro and Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macro and Microeconomics - Essay Example Price mechanism; therefore, solve the problem of allocating scarce resources by ensuring they are allocated through competition in a free market. Moreover, price mechanism helps industries to produce efficient product that of high quality. The competition between firms ensures that the most efficient remain on the market while its edges others that are inefficient out of the market (Moon 2013). Efficient firms produce quality goods at a cheaper price compared to the inefficient ones. The high cost of production makes inefficient industries set a price that will cover the cost of production and thus they price at a higher price than efficient firms. The high priced goods become uncompetitive in a free market and draw the firm out of business (Mukhopadhyay 2). Price also serves the function of discounting to determine the cost as well as the amount or size of a commodity. However, price comprises the joint charge of goods and the profit attached to it. Therefore, price serves to determine the amount to be produced and the effectiveness of it. Price, therefore, serves as a planning tool to making the economic decision as to where the economy is to be taken (The fundamentals of market economy self-regulation). Price also stimulates firms and industries into production process due to high profit guaranteed when a firm is involved in large scale production. Lastly, price help in the distribution of income and resources to the most efficient industries in the market.

A Small Scale Study on the Perspectives of Saudi Undergraduate Assignment

A Small Scale Study on the Perspectives of Saudi Undergraduate Students on the Use of Smartphones as a Motivational Learning Tool in Preparatory Year Language - Assignment Example he primary language of international trade, science and technology and since Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest oil producing country, English is perceived as an integral part of the human resource development agenda of the Saudi government (Alseweed, 2009). Given the Saudi government’s commitment to improving English language skills in Saudi Arabia as evidenced by 6 years of compulsory English at school and the unsatisfactory results, several studies have been conducted on identifying the reasons for the unsatisfactory acquisition of English language among Saudi students and how to best motivate Saudi students for improved results (Alsewee, 2009; Liton, 2012; Khan, 2011). Informed by adult learning theories, this research proposes to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of smartphone use in preparatory year language learners in Saudi Arabia. Adult learning theories inform that adult learners are more complex than children learners and that as adults, experienc es together with fixed opinions and perceptions instruct that adults are more amenable to learning that takes account of their specific needs and interests (Hough, 1984). Barrs (2011) considered the learning needs and interests of young adult students and the advances in mobile technology and argued that smartphones in particular have a particular value as a language learning tool for young university students. For the most part, these students own and use smartphones regularly. Moreover, young university students also rely on a number of smartphone applications for sharing and processing information and have access to this information via smartphones on a continuous level. Therefore smartphones can be used to channel the interest, experience and technological needs of young adult students as a... This study will therefore contribute to adult learning theories and the exploration of the possibility of smartphone technologies as a means of enhancing Saudi Arabia preparatory year student’s acquisition of a second language. A qualitative case study will be conducted among male students in the preparatory year at a college in Saudi Arabia. A phenomenological approach will be taken in that students will be interviewed as a means of discovering their experiences with leaning English and their attitudes toward smartphones as a learning tool and how this correlates with their interest and learning needs. The aim of this proposed research is to determine the extent to which the use of smartphones is a viable learning tool for improving the language proficiency of preparatory year language students in Saudi Arabia. Since this research focuses on a specific programme in Saudi Arabia, it is a social phenomenon that is more appropriately investigated using a qualitative case study. Since this research is investigating an educational programme with a view to determining whether or not the use of smartphones can improve language proficiency and thus motivational learning, an illustrative case study will be conducive to achieving this research objective. The illustrative case study will allow for the collection of rich and detailed person-centred data, describing individual perspectives and feelings and thus informing whether or not smartphones are appropriate learning tools for young adult language learners in Saudi Arabia’s preparatory language programme.

Advantages of open source software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Advantages of open source software - Essay Example Today open source software has become critical for almost every organization.Almost everything requires open source software,be it telecommunication systems,inventory, accounting,personal productivity applications,contact management and operating systems amongst others.As far as the democracy peace and economy is concerned open software provides access to better technology to even those who cannot afford them. Since, technology is crucial to the economy in terms of the cost it saves by increasing the end productivity; the better access to technology has increased the productivity and thus the GDP of the entire world. Even cheaper technology is the success of most of the developing countries. The growth of the developing countries has provided better returns for the companies across the globe in-turn because they now have been able to easily get some part of their business outsourced to these destinations and decrease costs. This has lead to employing further more people and improving the technology further helping people across the world.The source code should be available with the software and distribution in terms of the compiled form should also be available. There should be a well publicized form of distributing the software just like distributing on the internet when the product is not distributed with the source code.There should be permission by the license for the distribution of software which is made from modified source code. The license needs to have derived works for having a distinct name or version number. 5. No Discrimination against Persons or Groups The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons. It should be accessible to whoever wants. 6. No Discrimination against Fields of Endeavor The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a profit generation entity, or from being used for genetic research. 7. Distribution of License The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties. 8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution. 9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software. 10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface. Following are the examples of open source software2: Linux (http://www.linux.org/): Originating from UNIX system and basically an operating system and kernel.